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56 pictured records
142 records / 127 cards
Scanning electron micrograph of a Utah array with a dense square grid of tapered penetrating silicon electrodes.
Electron micrographBTSD-0001

Utah electrode array, scanning electron micrograph. 2 mm scale retained.

Utah arrays - Parallel structural variants

Utah Microelectrode Array (UEA)

Silicon penetrating arrays with 400 µm electrode pitch. Separates the Utah research family from the 100-electrode, 96-connected NeuroPort configuration and records conflicting manufacturer counts.

The slanted array targets different depths in peripheral nerves. It does not supersede the standard cortical Utah array.

3D model availableIntracorticalHuman evidence
Photo credit

Fernandez et al., Frontiers in Neuroengineering (2014), Fig. 1A · Frontiers · Figure 1A · CC BY 3.0. Photographic panel cropped from the original figure; resized and re-encoded. Original scale bars and annotations retained.

Past versions and parallel branches (1)
Complete 2019 Neuralink Figure 1 showing electron micrographs of Linear Edge and Tree polymer thread probes, an optical image of electrode contacts, and an impedance graph, with original annotations and scale bars.
Source figure · 2 viewsBTSD-0002

Neuralink’s 2019 research thread architecture: two polymer probe designs, electrode contacts and impedance measurements. Historical reference, not the current N1 implant.

Neuralink N1 (flexible-thread implant)

Neuralink’s fully implanted, wireless intracortical BCI, with a 3D reference for the documented 2024 N1 configuration: 64 flexible threads and 1,024 sites.

3D model availableIntracorticalHuman evidence
Photo credit

Elon Musk and Neuralink, 2019 research white paper, published in JMIR 21(10):e16194 · Neuralink · 2019 research white paper · CC BY-ND 4.0. Complete figure recovered at its native embedded resolution from the 2019 white paper. Transparency composited on the paper’s white background; no cropping, upscaling, retouching or panel removal. The recovered PNG is copied intact for both display and enlargement.

Neuropixels family architecture overview showing a headstage, detachable connector, flex cable and silicon shank, two electron micrographs, recording-site layouts for Neuropixels 1.0, 2.0 and Ultra, and a cortical neuron for scale.
Source figure · 3 viewsBTSD-0004

Neuropixels architecture at a glance: the assembled probe, microscopic contacts, and site layouts for 1.0, 2.0 and Ultra, alongside a cortical neuron.

Pictured: Neuropixels 1.0 recording probe. Other family versions differ.

Neuropixels - Generations and parallel branches

Neuropixels NXT / NP3.0 prototype

Official 2026 prototype report: 1,536-channel four-shank NXT, planned NP3.0 name, up to 912 channels mapped to one shank. Access and 2027 sale are forecasts, not completed deliveries.

NXT / NP3.0 is the latest announced generation, still a prototype. Opto, Ultra and NHP solve different problems and remain separate branches.

IntracorticalPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Ye and colleagues, Neuropixels Ultra study; architecture overview supplied by the site owner · Neuropixels Ultra · primary study · User-supplied image; source copyright retained. Supplied image copied intact, byte for byte. All labels, panels, scale bars and embedded metadata retained.

Past versions and parallel branches (6)
Stentrode mesh scaffold with individual dark electrode contacts and thin wires along its struts, photographed on a pale background with the lead extending to the right.
Photograph · 2 viewsBTSD-0003

Stentrode scaffold and electrode contacts, with the recording lead extending to the right.

Stentrode (Synchron)

A fully implanted endovascular BCI: a stent-electrode array in the superior sagittal sinus recording ECoG-like signals, trading spikes for catheter-based deployment.

3D model availableEndovascularHuman evidence
Photo credit

Synchron Stentrode reference image supplied by the site owner; original photographer unspecified · Synchron · device background · User-supplied image; source copyright retained. Supplied image copied intact, byte for byte. All labels, panels, scale bars and embedded metadata retained.

A Connexus cortical module resting on a fingertip, with a circular metal enclosure and a dense bed of fine penetrating electrodes.
PhotographBTSD-IMBCI-0010

Connexus cortical module on a fingertip, showing its penetrating microelectrodes.

Paradromics Connexus (cortical module)

Paradromics’ 421-electrode intracortical module, with a source-documented 3D reference model and updated Connect-One early feasibility study context.

3D model availableIntracorticalHuman evidence
Photo credit

Paradromics, Inc. — official press kit · Paradromics · official press kit · Official press kit — editorial use with credit. Editorial crop centered on the cortical module; resized and re-encoded. No hardware retouching.

Photograph comparing a conventional four-contact ECoG strip on the left with the densely patterned Precision Layer 7 cortical array on the right.
PhotographBTSD-ACAD-0021

Precision Layer 7 array (right) beside a conventional ECoG strip (left).

Precision Layer 7 Cortical Interface

Precision's thin-film cortical array. The 2025 paper reports a 1,024-channel version with 977 recording, 42 stimulation-optimized and five reference electrodes; FDA Layer 7-T clearance is separate from the future wireless BCI.

EcogHuman evidence
Photo credit

Cummins et al., JNS Case Lessons (2026), Figure 2 · JNS Case Lessons · Figure 2 · CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Complete source image retained byte-for-byte, including every panel and annotation. No cropping, re-encoding, recoloring or synthetic enhancement.

Photograph of a WIMAGINE implant with its circular 64-contact electrode face and flat antenna extension.
PhotographBTSD-IMBCI-0004

WIMAGINE implant viewed from its cortical-contact side, held between gloved fingers.

WIMAGINE (CEA-Clinatec) epidural wireless ECoG implant

A fully implanted, wireless epidural ECoG system developed by CEA-Clinatec for human motor BCI research, emphasizing clinical robustness and long-term stability over single-unit precision.

EcogHuman evidence
Photo credit

Sauter-Starace et al., Frontiers in Neuroscience (2019), Fig. 1A · Frontiers · Figure 1A · CC BY 4.0. Photographic panel cropped from the original figure; resized and re-encoded. Original scale bars and annotations retained.

Photograph of a transparent self-curling spiral nerve cuff with four metallic stimulation contacts and a lead wire.
PhotographBTSD-PNI-0001

CWRU/Ardiem standard self-sizing spiral cuff: nominal 4 mm diameter and four radial contacts. It wraps a peripheral nerve.

CWRU/Ardiem spiral cuff - Design and sensory-study records

CWRU/Ardiem self-sizing spiral nerve cuff

A foundational, non-penetrating, self-sizing peripheral nerve cuff electrode design family (spiral/helical cuff) widely used for chronic stimulation and sometimes low-SNR recording.

These sheets cover the same self-sizing cuff design family. The standard four-contact photograph appears once; the sensory study is a deployment record, not a second cuff architecture. The ITIS 33-contact prototype has its own catalog entry.

PniHuman evidence
Photo credit

Photo courtesy of Ardiem Medical, Inc.; Christie et al., Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation (2017), Figure 1 · JNER · Figure 1 · CC BY 4.0. Whole published photograph re-encoded without cropping or upscaling. Original Ardiem attribution retained.

Related study records (1)
Photograph of the TIME-4H implant assembly, with an L-shaped thin-film electrode, ceramic interconnection, coiled cable and connector.
PhotographBTSD-0006

TIME-4H assembly with thin-film electrode and helical lead; 1 cm scale retained.

TIME (Transverse Intrafascicular Multichannel Electrode)

A flexible thin-film intrafascicular peripheral nerve interface inserted transversely through a nerve to access multiple fascicles, trading surgical complexity for selectivity.

PniHuman evidence
Photo credit

Guiho et al., Sensors (2021), Fig. 2a · Sensors · Figure 2a · CC BY 4.0. Photographic panel cropped from the original figure; resized and re-encoded. Original scale bars and annotations retained.

Microscope photograph of fine coiled gold electrode wires entering a small glass cone at the tip of a neurotrophic electrode.
Optical micrographBTSD-IMBCI-0009

Neurotrophic cone-electrode assembly photographed under magnification; 2 mm scale retained.

Neurotrophic Electrode (Kennedy cone electrode)

A biologically integrated intracortical electrode (hollow cone with microwires) designed to encourage neurite ingrowth for long-term single-unit recording in humans.

IntracorticalHuman evidence
Photo credit

Gearing and Kennedy, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (2020), Fig. 1A · Frontiers · Figure 1A · CC BY 4.0. Photographic panel cropped from the original figure; resized and re-encoded. Original scale bars and annotations retained.

Complete Figure 3 showing the redesigned mixed-porosity sieve, conduit assembly, electrode and interconnect micrographs, and a nerve-gap implantation schematic.
Source figure · 2 viewsBTSD-PNI-0009-01

Redesigned mixed-porosity sieve, its assembly and microscopic contacts. Complete Figure 3.

Hyperflexible regenerative sieve electrode (Veith et al., 2021)

A hyperflexible regenerative sieve electrode designed to promote neurovascular integration across a transected peripheral nerve interface (rat sciatic model).

PniResearch evidence
Photo credit

Veith et al., Biomaterials (2021), Figure 3; © Elsevier Ltd. · Biomaterials · complete Figure 3 · © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. · source copyright retained. Complete PMC source figure copied intact, byte for byte. All panels, annotations and scale bars retained; no cropping, re-encoding, upscaling or synthetic enhancement.

Circular macro-sieve electrode with a central porous gold-colored membrane, radial traces and eight peripheral connections; original 600-micrometre scale preserved.
Optical micrographBTSD-PNI-0009-02

Optical micrograph of the fabricated macro-sieve electrode and bonded micro-PCB; 2016 configuration.

Macro-sieve regenerative electrode with transit zones (MacEwan et al., 2016)

A chronically implanted macro-sieve electrode with large transit zones enabling robust axon regeneration and selective stimulation in a rat sciatic nerve transection model.

PniResearch evidence
Photo credit

MacEwan, Zellmer, Wheeler, Burton & Moran, Frontiers in Neuroscience (2016), Figure 1B. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00557 · Frontiers · original figure · CC BY 4.0. Photographic panel cropped from the original figure; resized and re-encoded. Original scale bars and annotations retained.

Complete Figure 3 showing open and covered microchannels, the rolled scaffold cross-section, and a close-up of neighboring channel layers with original scales.
Source figure · 2 viewsBTSD-PNI-0009-03

Microchannels and the rolled scaffold architecture. Complete Figure 3.

Microchannel-based regenerative scaffold interface (Srinivasan et al., 2015)

A regenerative microchannel scaffold interface that guides axon regeneration into parallel channels and supports chronic recording/stimulation concepts (rat sciatic amputee model).

PniResearch evidence
Photo credit

Srinivasan et al., Biomaterials (2015), Figure 3; © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. · Biomaterials · complete Figure 3 · © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. · source copyright retained. Complete PMC source figure copied intact, byte for byte. All panels, annotations and scale bars retained; no cropping, re-encoding, upscaling or synthetic enhancement.

Complete source figure showing fabricated syringe-injectable mesh electronics, a wafer held in a hand, and magnified mesh structures and connection pads.
Source figureBTSD-ACAD-0002

Fabricated mesh electronics and their connection pads, shown across the complete photographic Figure 3.

Syringe-injectable mesh electronics

Sub-micrometre-thick, centimetre-scale mesh electronics that unfold after injection through a needle as small as 100 µm. Harvard, 2015, in mouse brain.

IntracorticalPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Schuhmann et al., Journal of Visualized Experiments (2018), Figure 3 · JoVE · complete Figure 3 · CC BY-NC-ND 3.0. Complete source image retained byte-for-byte, including every panel and annotation. No cropping, re-encoding, recoloring or synthetic enhancement.

Optical micrograph of the 240-channel NeuroGrid with long fine traces joining repeated tetrode groups.
Optical micrograph · 3 viewsBTSD-ACAD-0003

240-channel NeuroGrid surface array; 1 mm scale retained.

NeuroGrid (PEDOT:PSS surface array)

A 4 µm thick organic electrode array with 10 × 10 µm sites on 30 µm pitch that records single-neuron action potentials from the brain surface. NYU and collaborators, 2015.

3D model availableEcogResearch evidence
Photo credit

Khodagholy et al., Science Advances (2016), Figure 1 · Science Advances · Figure 1A · CC BY-NC 4.0. Photographic panel extracted from the published source; resized and re-encoded. Original scale bars and annotations retained; no hardware retouching.

Microscope photograph of a narrow flexible brown circuit with two rows of fine projecting carbon fibers; original 300-micrometre scale preserved.
Optical micrographBTSD-ACAD-0005

Michigan carbon-fiber flex array, pictured in Huan et al. (2021): a related 2 × 8, 132µm-pitch configuration with sharpened PEDOT:pTS-coated tips, not the exact 2020 bare-carbon implant.

Carbon fiber electrode arrays (University of Michigan)

Michigan carbon-fiber arrays: 2015 PEG or silicon-assisted cortical recording and 2020 flex arrays for separate-session unit and dopamine sensing. Coatings, pitch, supports and cohorts differ.

3D model availableIntracorticalPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Huan et al., Journal of Neural Engineering 18 (2021), Figure 1A. DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac3dd7 · Original source · photographic panel · CC BY 4.0. Photographic panel cropped from the original figure; resized and re-encoded. Original scale bars and annotations retained.

Optical micrographs of gold-colored NET-50 and finer NET-10 threads with exposed contacts, original panel labels and scale bars retained.
Optical micrographBTSD-ACAD-0006

As-fabricated NET-50 (left) and NET-10 (right) recording threads on their substrates, from the 2017 study. Scale bars: 100 µm and 50 µm, respectively.

Pictured: Nanoelectronic thread (NET) probes. Other family versions differ.

Nanoelectronic threads - Recording lineage and stimulation branch

StimNET ultraflexible stimulation thread

Rice's 2023 32-contact polyimide stimulation/recording thread: 1 µm shank, reinforced sputtered-iridium-oxide contacts and separate bench and chronic mouse stimulation evidence.

StimNET is the latest documented branch here, designed for stimulation. Modular NET remains a distinct high-channel-count recording system.

IntracorticalPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Luan, Wei, Zhao et al., Science Advances 3, e1601966 (2017), Figure 1A–B. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601966 · Original source · physical interface · CC BY-NC 4.0. Photographic panel cropped from the original figure; resized and re-encoded. Original annotations and scale bars retained where present.

Past versions and parallel branches (2)
Active flexible ECoG - Published hardware lineage

Active micro-ECoG array (196 sites, auditory cortex)

A 14 x 14 multiplexed surface array with 196 platinum sites on 250 µm pitch and 29 interface wires on a roughly 25 µm film. Acute anesthetized rat auditory-cortex recordings, 2014.

The 2014 auditory-cortex configuration is the most recent documented design in this catalog, not a claim about present-day product availability.

3D model availableEcogPreclinical evidence
Past versions and parallel branches (1)
Complete published figure of the Argus II retinal implant with its curved 60-electrode array, and the external camera glasses and video-processing unit.
Source figureBTSD-ACAD-0017

Argus II implant and retinal electrode array (A), with its external camera glasses and processing unit (B).

Argus II - Engineering and regulatory records

Argus II retinal prosthesis

An epiretinal implant that sends camera-derived stimulation to a platinum electrode array tacked over the fovea. FDA humanitarian device approval in 2013; discontinued by its maker in 2019, leaving more than 350 users with an unsupported implant.

Two sheets document the same Argus II system. The implant gallery appears once on the engineering sheet; the other sheet records regulatory context.

RetinalHuman evidence
Photo credit

da Cruz et al., Ophthalmology (2016), Figure 1 · Ophthalmology · complete Figure 1 · CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Complete source image retained byte-for-byte, including every panel and annotation. No cropping, re-encoding, recoloring or synthetic enhancement.

Related system records (1)
Parallel fine NeuroRoots electrode tendrils ending in small round contacts, viewed through a microscope.
Optical micrographBTSD-ACAD-0043

NeuroRoots electrode tendrils and contacts under optical microscopy. Scale bar: 40 µm.

NeuroRoots (independent flexible electrode tendrils)

Independent 7 µm wide, 1.5 µm thick electrode tendrils. The 2024 paper reports cerebellar single-unit recordings and at least seven weeks of rat recordings without repositioning.

IntracorticalPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

NeuroRoots study authors, APL Bioengineering (2024), Figure 1B, CC BY-NC 4.0 · Original source · photographic panel · CC BY-NC 4.0. Photographic panel cropped from the original figure; resized and re-encoded. Original scale bars and annotations retained.

Transparent graphene cortical-surface electrode array with narrow gold traces wrapped around a green-tinted glass bar, with an inset showing the flexible array.
PhotographBTSD-ACAD-0047

The real CLEAR graphene electrode array wrapped around a glass bar to demonstrate flexibility; 2014 device.

CLEAR transparent graphene micro-ECoG array

A 16-site graphene surface array that combines electrical recording with light delivery and vascular imaging. Four graphene layers on parylene-C; rodent experiments, Wisconsin, 2014.

EcogPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Park et al., Nature Communications 5, 5258 (2014), Figure 1c. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6258 · Publisher · original figure · CC BY 4.0. Photographic panel cropped from the original figure; resized and re-encoded. Original scale bars and annotations retained.

Scanning electron micrograph of a MultiTransm dopamine-sensing contact, its surrounding reference ring and labeled coating regions, with an original 50 micrometer scale bar.
Electron micrographBTSD-ACAD-0098

The tissue-facing MultiTransm contact: a dopamine-sensing site surrounded by an IrOx reference ring. Original 50 µm scale retained.

AIR-CAS MultiTransm dual-mode MEA (dopamine plus electrophysiology)

Two-shank silicon MEMS probe, 5.70 mm long, with 20 micrometer electrophysiology sites, a 180 micrometer dopamine-sensing site and an on-probe IrOx reference. Aerospace Information Research Institute (CAS) with Zhejiang University and Ruijin Hospital; recorded dopamine and spikes in mouse nucleus accumbens across sleep and wake (Research 2025).

SensingPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Jia et al., Research (2025), Figure 2C · Research · Figure 2C · CC BY 4.0. Complete SEM panel C selected from Figure 2, retaining its coating labels and 50 µm scale. Re-encoded without upscaling or hardware retouching.

Complete three-panel Argo source figure showing an exposed microwire tip, the array of microwire tips under electron microscopy, and the assembled electrode bundle above a nut.
Source figureBTSD-ACAD-0061

Argo microwire tip (A), electrode-tip array (B), and assembled bundle (C); the original scale bars are retained.

Argo microwire-CMOS recording system

Paradromics/Caeleste's 2021 acute research system: a 65,536-pixel CMOS readout bonded to disordered PtIr wires, with 1,300-wire rat spiking and over 30,000 connected sheep surface channels kept separate.

OtherPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Sahasrabuddhe et al., bioRxiv preprint (2020), Figure 2 · bioRxiv · complete Figure 2 · CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Complete source image retained byte-for-byte, including every panel and annotation. No cropping, re-encoding, recoloring or synthetic enhancement.

A small Axonics implanted pulse generator beside a U.S. quarter for scale, with its transparent connector header visible.
PhotographBTSD-FDA-0011

Axonics sacral neuromodulation pulse generator beside a U.S. quarter, from the 2020 ARTISAN-SNM study. Lead not shown.

Axonics sacral neuromodulation

FDA-approved rechargeable sacral neuromodulation system with a four-contact tined lead. Values come from the 2019 FDA summary for the fecal incontinence indication.

PniHuman evidence
Photo credit

Benson et al., Neurourology and Urodynamics (2020), Figure 1, CC BY-NC 4.0. · Original source · physical interface · CC BY-NC 4.0. Full image retained; resized and re-encoded. Original annotations and scale bars retained where present.

Electron micrograph of a bundle of slim glass-insulated microwires terminating in angled sharp tips.
Electron micrographBTSD-ACAD-0069

The tissue-facing end of a CHIME glass-insulated microwire bundle, imaged by scanning electron microscopy. Scale bar: 200 µm.

CHIME glass-gold microwire CMOS interface, 2020

CHIME's glass-insulated gold wires and electroplated contacts coupled to MEA1k or camera-derived CMOS. Demonstrated bundles and connected pixels are separate from327,680 amplifier capacity; chronic validation remains open.

IntracorticalPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Kollo et al., Frontiers in Neuroscience (2020), Fig. 2C detail, CC BY 4.0 · Frontiers · original figure · CC BY 4.0. Select bottom central SEM inset of Figure 2C, retaining original 200 µm scale.

Complete source figure: schematic a of the 1024-channel hydrogel micro-ECoG on rat cortex, photograph b of the array with 6.2 mm edges and a 5 mm scale bar, impedance data c, photograph d of the array on the exposed cortex with a 1 mm scale bar, and stimulation-response maps and statistics e to i.
Source figureBTSD-ACAD-0099

Figure 3 of the paper: photograph of the 1024-channel array (b, 5 mm scale) and of the array on exposed rat cortex (d, 1 mm scale), with schematic and data panels a, c and e to i.

CIBR aGel-µECoG adhesive-hydrogel micro-ECoG array

6 micrometer polyimide micro-ECoG (64 or 1024 channels, 20 micrometer sites at 200 micrometer pitch) coated with a thin adhesive PVA/PTPM hydrogel that sticks to the brain without sutures and resists fibrosis. Wu Ting's lab at CIBR Beijing with Qiu Dong at ICCAS; 16 weeks subdural in rats (Advanced Science 2025).

EcogPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Chinese Institute for Brain Research (CIBR) group and collaborators, Advanced Science (2025), Figure 3 · Advanced Science · complete Figure 3 (CC BY 4.0) · CC BY 4.0. Complete source image retained byte-for-byte as served by PubMed Central (546 px wide rendition). No cropping, re-encoding, recoloring or synthetic enhancement.

Complete source figure: rendering a and micrographs b to e of the umbrella-type stretchable electrode array, photograph f of the rolled array, stress simulation g, photographs h of the array in liquid, implantation schematic i, photographs j of the array on exposed mouse cortex, photograph k of a mouse carrying the implant, and impedance statistics l.
Source figureBTSD-ACAD-0097

Figure 1 of the paper: the umbrella-type array and probe in micrographs and photographs (b to f, h, scale bars as published), photographs of the implanted array on mouse cortex (j) and a mouse with the implant (k, scale bar as published), with renderings, a simulation and impedance data in the remaining panels.

CIBR umbrella-type stretchable electrode array (USEs probe)

120- and 240-channel ultrathin (about 3 micrometer) polyimide and gold array of eight stretchable serpentine filaments joined to a central anchor, implanted in one pass on a 190 micrometer shuttle. Gao Lei's lab, Chinese Institute for Brain Research Beijing; same neuronal ensembles tracked in head-fixed mice for 80 weeks (Nature Communications 2026).

IntracorticalPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Chinese Institute for Brain Research (CIBR) group and collaborators, Nature Communications (2026), Figure 1 · Nature Communications · complete Figure 1 · CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Complete source image retained byte-for-byte, including every panel and annotation. No cropping, re-encoding, recoloring or synthetic enhancement.

An archival Cochlear Nucleus Freedom CI24RE implant on paper, with a round receiver coil, metal stimulator housing and two thin electrode leads.
PhotographBTSD-FDA-0012

Archival Nucleus specimen: Cochlear Freedom CI24RE receiver and electrode leads, photographed in 2009. Not the CI1000/Nexa generation.

Cochlear Nucleus implant system

FDA-approved cochlear implant family, newest implant series CI1000 approved July 2025. Thinly sourced from the FDA supplement record and a Cochlear announcement; electrode specifications are not yet on the sheet.

CochlearHuman evidence
Photo credit

Edwtie, Cochearimplants.JPG (2009), Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Cropped; the adapted photograph remains CC BY-SA 3.0. · Original source · photographic panel · CC BY-SA 3.0. Photographic panel cropped from the original figure; resized and re-encoded. Original scale bars and annotations retained. The adapted photograph remains CC BY-SA 3.0.

A tiny clear glass-encased DOT stimulator held between two dark-gloved fingers, with a 10 mm scale bar.
PhotographBTSD-ACAD-0073

The packaged 2024 DOT epidural stimulator held between gloved fingers. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Pictured: DOT magnetoelectric epidural stimulator, 2024. Other family versions differ.

DOT magnetoelectric platform - Research prototype and clinical program

Motif DOT magnetoelectric brain stimulator

Pea-sized, battery-free wireless cortical stimulator from Motif Neurotech, shown acutely in a human in 2023 and now in an early feasibility study for treatment-resistant depression.

The photograph documents the 2024 research prototype. The Motif program is a separate clinical record; this image does not establish its later implant geometry.

OtherHuman evidence
Photo credit

Woods, Singer et al., Science Advances (2024), Fig. 1A detail, CC BY 4.0 · Publication · original figure · CC BY 4.0. Photo component selected from original PDF-embedded Figure 1A; original 10 mm scale retained. Resized and re-encoded; no hardware retouching.

Related platform records (1)
Microscopy of the flexible fenestrated Flex2Chip array with circular recording contacts and tissue cells visible through openings; a red outlined inset shows cells.
Optical micrographBTSD-ACAD-0059

The fenestrated tissue-facing Flex2Chip array with cerebellar cells in the same focal plane. Scale bar: 20 µm. The source inset has adjusted brightness and contrast.

Flex2Chip flexible-array CMOS interface

Capillary-assembled suspended pads connect flexible neural arrays to a CMOS-MEA. Published 720/2,200-connection layouts, 1,024 simultaneous chip channels and acute 504-site ECoG use are kept distinct.

EcogPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Zhao et al., Science Advances (2023), Fig. 4A, CC BY-NC 4.0 · Original source · physical interface · CC BY-NC 4.0. Photographic panel cropped from the original figure; resized and re-encoded. Original annotations and scale bars retained where present.

A slender flexible recording shank with a small contact fan beside a US penny.
PhotographBTSD-ACAD-0053

The released flexible neurochemical and recording probe, beside a US penny for scale.

Flexible neurochemical-release and recording probe (CMU and Pittsburgh)

Parylene C probe with 16 recording contacts and two electrically actuated chemical-release sites. Acute rat proof of concept, with finite drug loading, stimulation artifacts and chronic-use work still open.

IntracorticalPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Malekoshoaraie et al., Microsystems & Nanoengineering (2024), Fig. 2a, CC BY 4.0 · Publisher · original figure · CC BY 4.0. Select only photo panel 2a; no recoloring, geometry alteration or invented background. Penny retained as scale.

Complete source figure: photograph a of the flexible multimodal neural interface array on a rat skull with a 10 mm scale bar, ECoG traces and maps b and c, a temperature-sensor calibration d with an inset photograph of the implant beside a thermocouple, a photograph e of the rat under a blue LED with the implanted device, and cell-viability panels f and g.
Source figureBTSD-ACAD-0100

Figure 4 of the paper: photographs of the implanted device on a rat (a, 10 mm scale; d inset, 4 mm; e, 2 cm) alongside recording, temperature, photodetector and cell-viability data. Panels b, c, d, f and g are data plots and micrographs rather than device photographs.

Fudan MNIS active silicon-transistor multimodal cortical interface

4 x 4 array of silicon PMOS transistor nodes on a 31 micrometer flexible film that records ECoG by capacitive coupling, senses temperature with gold resistors and detects light with built-in photodiodes. Song Enming's group at Fudan University; acute rat recordings (Advanced Science 2025).

EcogPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Song group and collaborators, Fudan University, Advanced Science (2026), Figure 4 · Advanced Science · complete Figure 4 (CC BY 4.0) · CC BY 4.0. Complete source image retained byte-for-byte, including every panel and annotation. No cropping, re-encoding, recoloring or synthetic enhancement.

Complete source figure: schematic a of the multimodal neuromodulation study, schematic b of the fibre electrode in brain tissue beside a conventional electrode and its MRI artifact, a materials comparison plot c, photograph d of an array of fibre electrodes with gold contact pads, photograph e of a rat with the implant, photograph f of the animal in the MRI bed and photograph g of the MRI scanner.
Source figureBTSD-ACAD-0109

Figure 1 of the paper: photographs of the fibre electrode array (d), a rat carrying the implant (e), the animal in the MRI bed (f) and the scanner (g), with schematic and plot panels a to c. Scale bars as published.

Fudan MRI-compatible PEDOT:PSS fiber electrode (MFE)

Wet-spun PEDOT:PSS fibre about 15 micrometers across with PDMS insulation and a magnetic susceptibility of -9.23 ppm matched to brain tissue, giving little to no artifact at 11.7 T. 11.9 kOhm at 1 kHz for a 20 micrometer fibre, charge injection limit 14.3 mC/cm2, used to stimulate and record in rats during multimodal MRI. Fudan University (National Science Review 2026).

IntracorticalPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Fudan University group, National Science Review (2026), Figure 1 · National Science Review · complete Figure 1 (CC BY 4.0) · CC BY 4.0. Complete source image retained byte-for-byte as served by PubMed Central (661 px wide rendition). No cropping, re-encoding, recoloring or synthetic enhancement.

Two-film ME stimulators - Two configurations in one 2020 study

Fully implanted two-film PZT ME stimulator, 2020

Two PZT/Metglas films, discrete rectifiers and a bias magnet in a 175-mm³ package drive rat MFB place preference. Acute behavioral evidence is separate from the PVDF Parkinson headstage.

The fully implanted PZT assembly is highlighted. The external PVDF headstage is a different configuration, not an earlier publication or an obsolete product.

DbsPreclinical evidence
Past versions and parallel branches (1)
An annotated photograph of the hydrogel-hybrid probe, connecting a thin pink fiber to optical, electrical and fluidic connectors.
PhotographBTSD-ACAD-0054

The hydrogel-hybrid fiber assembly, with a 1 cm scale bar. The hydrogel is dyed pink for visibility in the source photograph.

Hydrogel-hybrid multifunctional fiber probe (MIT)

Thermally drawn optical, electrical and fluidic fibers integrated in a soft hydrogel matrix. Dry insertion and hydrated compliance, with six-month mouse recordings and a connectorization limit that prevents independent readout of every microwire.

IntracorticalPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Park et al., Nature Communications (2021), Fig. 1e, CC BY 4.0 · Publisher · original figure · CC BY 4.0. Select source photo panel 1e only, with original labels and scale; no hardware editing.

Close-up of the physical iEEG microdisplay showing rows of dark electrode contacts, fine gold traces, and lit blue-violet microLEDs.
Optical micrograph · 2 viewsBTSD-ACAD-0052

Physical contacts, traces and illuminated microLEDs of the small-format iEEG microdisplay.

iEEG microdisplay with PtNR recording grid

PtNR surface electrodes laminated with GaN microLEDs to display cortical activity in the surgical field. Rat and pig proof of concept, including a 2,048-pixel display over 1,024 recording contacts and documented electrical interference.

EcogPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

University of California San Diego · UC San Diego · microdisplay close-up · Institutional press-image permission · credit required. Complete source image retained byte-for-byte, including every panel and annotation. No cropping, re-encoding, recoloring or synthetic enhancement.

Photograph of a thin flexible graphene cortical electrode array bent upward by metal tweezers, showing dark circular electrode contacts and patterned traces.
PhotographBTSD-STUP-0003

INBRAIN graphene cortical array held with tweezers. Archival manufacturer photograph; source-image metadata dates to 2022, and the exact hardware revision is unspecified.

INBRAIN graphene cortical interface

Thin-film graphene cortical surface interface from INBRAIN, used intraoperatively in a first-in-human study at Manchester. Company release; contact counts not published in the sources read.

EcogHuman evidence
Photo credit

INBRAIN Neuroelectronics / Graphene Flagship, via EurekAlert! · Original source · physical interface · Public Domain — source-declared. Resized/re-encoded for web display only.

Photograph of the manufactured ITIS 33-contact spiral nerve cuff, showing three contact rows in a transparent rolled sheath, connecting wires and an original 17 millimeter scale bar.
PhotographBTSD-PNI-0012

ITIS/Ljubljana’s manufactured 33-contact spiral cuff, with contact rows visible through its sheath. Original 17 mm scale retained.

ITIS/Ljubljana 33-contact spiral cuff (2018 research prototype)

A separate 33-contact platinum spiral-cuff prototype, photographed with its contact rows visible. Developed by the ITIS/Ljubljana team and tested on isolated porcine vagus nerve.

PniResearch evidence
Photo credit

Rozman, Pečlin, Ribarič, Godec and Burja, Scientific Reports (2018), Figure 4 · Scientific Reports · manufactured cuff photograph · CC BY 4.0. Complete published photograph copied intact, byte for byte, including its original scale bar.

Six small black encapsulated stimulator nodes connected to long thin electrode leads, photographed together with a 1 cm scale bar.
PhotographBTSD-ACAD-0072

Six magnetoelectric-powered spinal stimulators with their electrode leads. Authors' preprint prototype photograph, 2024. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Magnetoelectric network spinal stimulators, 2025

2025 network's spinal configuration: roughly 1-cm³ wireless battery-free IPGs, one electrode pair per node, six bench devices and up to four in acute pigs. LED/power/pacing demonstrations are not merged into that cohort.

ScsPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Woods, Alrashdan et al., Research Square preprint (2024), Fig. 3a, CC BY 4.0 · Original source · photographic panel · CC BY 4.0. Photographic panel cropped from the original figure; resized and re-encoded. Original scale bars and annotations retained.

A small transparent ME-BIT capsule with a dark magnetoelectric strip and a tiny circuit visible inside, shown in a clear sheath.
PhotographBTSD-ACAD-0071

The encapsulated ME-BIT implant in its clear delivery sheath. Scale bar: 2 mm.

ME-BIT magnetoelectric nerve stimulator, 2022

2022 magnetoelectric-powered stimulation ASIC and packaged ME-BIT variants. Rodent direct contact, pig vascular leads and device delivery remain separate; chronic packaging, thrombosis and exposure-standard limits are explicit.

EndovascularPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Chen et al., Nature Biomedical Engineering (2022), Fig. 1d, CC BY 4.0 · Publisher · original figure · CC BY 4.0. Select photo panel 1d only, retaining original rounded outline and 2 mm scale.

An electron micrograph of rough-surfaced, stacked hexagonal magnetoelectric nanodiscs, with a 100 nm scale bar.
Electron micrographBTSD-ACAD-0080

Electron micrograph of the fully coated MEND nanodiscs. Scale bar: 100 nm. These are injected nanomaterials, not a conventional electrode implant.

MEND magnetoelectric nanodiscs, 2024

Injected Fe3O4-CoFe2O4-BaTiO3 nanodiscs mediate magnetic neuromodulation in mice. No ASIC, lead, recording uplink or stimulation transgene; optical verification uses a separate reporter.

OtherPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Kim et al., Nature Nanotechnology (2024 online), Fig. 1d, CC BY 4.0 · Publisher · original figure · CC BY 4.0. Select SEM panel 1d only and retain original MEND label and 100 nm scale.

Optical micrograph of two ultraflexible MERF electrode shanks tapering to fine tips, with the original 1 millimeter scale.
Optical micrograph · 2 viewsBTSD-ACAD-0087

Ultraflexible MERF recording shanks; 1 mm scale retained.

MERF 128-channel ultraflexible polyimide array (CEBSIT)

Two-shank, 128-channel, 1 micrometer thick polyimide array from Zhao Zhengtao's group at CEBSIT (Chinese Academy of Sciences) with Li Chengyu's group at Lingang Laboratory. Chronic single-unit recording in macaque visual and motor cortex for up to eight months, plus a cursor-control demonstration.

IntracorticalPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Tian et al., Advanced Science (2023), Figure 1b · Advanced Science · Figure 1b · CC BY 4.0. Photographic panel rendered directly from the published PDF in its original colors, cropped and re-encoded. Original scales retained; no retouching or synthetic enhancement.

MIT all-polymer drawn fibers - Published hardware lineage

MIT graphite-polymer multifunctional fiber, 2017

Graphite-doped polymer electrodes, one optical waveguide and two fluidic channels within a drawn fiber. The selected experimental section was 200 micrometers despite a less-than-200 claim elsewhere in the paper.

The 2017 graphite-polymer design develops the 2015 all-polymer fiber. Tin-wire and hydrogel-hybrid devices are different architectures, not hidden revisions.

IntracorticalPreclinical evidence
Past versions and parallel branches (1)
Two-panel microscopy photograph showing a tiny MOTE implant on a salt crystal on the left and two implanted MOTEs in mouse cortex on day 296 on the right.
Optical micrographBTSD-ACAD-0081

MOTE on a salt crystal (left), and implanted MOTEs in mouse cortex at day 296 (right); 400 µm scale retained.

MOTE optical tetherless recorder, 2025

Subnanolitre electrical recorder with AlGaAs optical power and PPM uplink. Mouse evidence uses a cranial window and head fixation; day-365 LFP is weakened and averaged.

IntracorticalPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

KAIST · KAIST · original research press image · Institutional press-image permission · credit retained. Complete source image retained byte-for-byte, including every panel and annotation. No cropping, re-encoding, recoloring or synthetic enhancement.

Four thin transparent Neurotassel electrode filaments ending in pointed tips with circular recording sites, with an electron-micrograph inset of one tip.
Optical micrographBTSD-ACAD-0065

The recording ends of Neurotassel filaments under optical microscopy. Scale bar: 50 µm; electron-micrograph inset: 10 µm.

Neurotassel elastocapillary filament arrays

China-secondary coverage: 2019 polyimide filaments self-assembled in dissolvable PEG; 16-channel chronic mouse evidence is separate from 128-1,024-channel fabrication and preliminary recording claims.

IntracorticalPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Guan, Wang, Gu et al., Science Advances (2019), Fig. 1B, CC BY-NC 4.0 · Original source · physical interface · CC BY-NC 4.0. Photographic panel cropped from the original figure; resized and re-encoded. Original annotations and scale bars retained where present.

Photograph of a thin golden PtNRGrid cortical sensor sheet bent between two fingers, with dense recording contacts and fine connecting traces.
PhotographBTSD-ACAD-0051

A flexible PtNRGrid cortical recording sheet held between fingers.

PtNRGrid platinum-nanorod surface arrays

Reconfigurable cortical grids with 30 µm platinum-nanorod contacts in 6.6 µm parylene C. The 2022 paper reports 1,024- and 2,048-channel layouts with different pitch and coverage; a later IDE announcement is not commercial clearance.

3D model availableEcogHuman evidence
Photo credit

David Baillot / UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering · UC San Diego · official press photograph · Institutional press-image permission · credit required. Complete source image retained byte-for-byte, including every panel and annotation. No cropping, re-encoding, recoloring or synthetic enhancement.

Optical micrograph of the PRIMA subretinal photovoltaic chip showing a dense hexagonal pixel lattice on a rounded square implant, with a 2 mm dimension marker.
Optical micrographBTSD-STUP-0004

2 mm PRIMA photovoltaic retinal implant from the 2020 preclinical study. Dimension arrow retained.

Science PRIMA subretinal photovoltaic implant

Subretinal 378-pixel photovoltaic implant with near-infrared camera glasses for geographic atrophy, with a 38-participant European study published in NEJM in October 2025.

RetinalHuman evidence
Photo credit

Muqit et al., PLOS ONE15(4):e0230713 (2020), Figure2 · Original source · physical interface · CC BY 4.0. Right-hand photographic panel cropped; dimension marker preserved; resized/re-encoded for display.

Complete source figure: cross-section schematics a to h of the silicon microneedle fabrication process, with photograph i of the finished 10 by 10 array on a fingertip and photograph j of a packaged array with gold wire leads.
Source figureBTSD-ACAD-0103

Fabrication process (a to h, schematics) and photographs of the completed array (i, 4 mm scale) and a packaged array (j, 1 mm scale), shown across the complete Figure 1.

Semi CAS silicon microneedle array with local de-insulation

10 x 10 bulk-silicon microneedle array, Utah-style, with tips exposed by masking in PDMS before Parylene-C deposition instead of etching. Tip exposure about 50 um, platinum black sites at 33.2 kOhm at 1 kHz, 15 of 16 channels recording in rat with mean spike SNR 12.63. Pei Weihua's group, Institute of Semiconductors, CAS.

IntracorticalPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Pei group, Institute of Semiconductors CAS, Microsystems & Nanoengineering (2025), Figure 1 · Microsystems & Nanoengineering · complete Figure 1 · CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Complete source image retained byte-for-byte, including every panel and annotation. No cropping, re-encoding, recoloring or synthetic enhancement.

A miniature SetPoint neurostimulator beside a copper coin; its metal capsule and integrated contacts are visible.
PhotographBTSD-FDA-0010

SetPoint's implanted pulse generator, shown beside a coin for scale. RESET-RA study device, 2024.

SetPoint vagus nerve stimulation for rheumatoid arthritis

FDA-approved vagus nerve stimulator for rheumatoid arthritis, approved July 2025. Values come from the FDA summary of safety and effectiveness; trial efficacy numbers were not extracted.

PniHuman evidence
Photo credit

Peterson et al., Bioelectronic Medicine (2024), Figure 2A, CC BY 4.0. Cropped from the original figure. · Publication · original figure · CC BY 4.0. Photographic panel cropped from the original figure; resized and re-encoded. Original scale bars and annotations retained.

Photograph of the SIMIT 256-channel micro-ECoG implant, with its titanium electronics enclosure, flexible golden surface array, reference lead and contact close-up.
PhotographBTSD-ACAD-0090

Integrated 256-channel µECoG implant with its surface array, reference lead and titanium electronics enclosure.

SIMIT 256-channel high-density micro-ECoG (64 electrodes/cm2)

16 x 16 gold-on-polyimide micro-ECoG array with 850 micrometer sites at 1250 micrometer pitch, in a titanium-housed implant with four Intan chips. 203 days in a Labrador, then intraoperative and short-term human motor-imagery decoding at Huashan Hospital. SIMIT with NeuroXess.

EcogHuman evidence
Photo credit

Zhou et al., Advanced Science (2025), Figure 1b · Advanced Science · Figure 1b · CC BY 4.0. Photographic panel extracted from the published source; resized and re-encoded. Original scale bars and annotations retained; no hardware retouching.

Photographs of a four-shank biomimetic flexible neural electrode array on adjustable sharpened insertion shuttles, with magnified tip views.
Photograph · 2 viewsBTSD-ACAD-0088

Implant module and adjustable insertion shuttles; original 2 mm, 1 mm and 50 µm scales retained.

SIMIT mosquito-mouthpart bionic neural probe (128-channel flexible array)

128-channel, 2.5 micrometer polyimide array delivered through the dura by sharpened tungsten shuttles in microtubule tracks, with a tactile sensor array that warns of vessels. Built by Tao Hu and Wei Xiaoling's group at Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology; mouse recordings to 16 weeks.

IntracorticalPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Zhou et al., Microsystems & Nanoengineering (2023) · Microsystems & Nanoengineering · Figure 2b · CC BY 4.0. Figure 2b photographic panel rendered directly from the original PDF in its original colors and re-encoded; no cropping of the panel, scale removal or hardware retouching.

Photograph of the unfolded flower-shaped silk-enabled intraventricular electrode, with dark circular contacts on flexible petals.
Photograph · 2 viewsBTSD-ACAD-0089

Unfolded intraventricular electrode, with conformal petals and surface contacts.

SIMIT silk-enabled intraventricular interface (IVI)

Catheter-delivered 14 micrometer polyimide microelectrode array on a shape-memory silk fibroin scaffold that unfolds in cerebrospinal fluid and lies on the inner surface of the lateral ventricle. SIMIT and NeuroXess; recorded from the caudate head in Parkinsonian sheep for four weeks.

OtherPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Liang et al., Nature Communications (2025), Figure 1 · Nature Communications · Figure 1e, lower photograph · CC BY 4.0. Photographic panel extracted from the published source; resized and re-encoded. Original scale bars and annotations retained; no hardware retouching.

Electron micrograph of a dense bundle of slender parallel microwires with exposed tips at staggered heights.
Electron micrographBTSD-ACAD-0062

The tissue-facing microwire bundle of the Stanford microwire–CMOS interface. Scale bar: 500 µm.

Stanford microwire-CMOS bundles, 2020

A modular wire-to-chip interface with 135-251-wire mouse bundles, a 138-wire retina experiment and separate 8,640-wire connectivity demonstration. Chip pixels, readout capacity and implanted wires stay distinct.

IntracorticalPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Obaid et al., Science Advances (2020), Figure 1C, CC BY-NC 4.0 · Original source · photographic panel · CC BY-NC 4.0. Micrograph component selected from original PDF-embedded Figure 1C; 500 µm scale retained. Resized and re-encoded; no new image enhancement.

Photograph of the flexible NeuroCam cortical-surface electrode array bending over a curved support, with the original 5 millimeter scale bar.
Photograph · 2 viewsBTSD-ACAD-0094

NeuroCam’s flexible cortical-surface electrode array, with its original 5 mm scale. The contact-bearing sheet is the neural interface; the curved support is a demonstration fixture.

Tsinghua NeuroCam 4096-channel TFT ECoG array

Flexible, multiplexed cortical-surface array with 4096 metal-oxide thin-film-transistor channels at 44 sites per mm2, read through 128 lines. Sheng Xing's group at Tsinghua with Xuanwu Hospital; in vivo epilepsy-model recording.

EcogPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Xing Sheng @ Tsinghua University, China; Science China Press · Tsinghua / Science China Press · NeuroCam photographs · Press image · use with credit. Optical photograph selected from panel (a) of the credited press image. Original scale bar retained; re-encoded without upscaling or hardware retouching. Press page permits use with credit; no Creative Commons grant is claimed.

Complete source figure: photograph of a CHIP-based ECoG array and a commercial platinum electrode array on the exposed rat cortex with a scale bar, paired recording traces and spectrograms from both arrays, a cortical-area map with a photograph of the array over the cortex, and spontaneous and whisker-stimulated activity maps with traces from M1, S1 and V2.
Source figureBTSD-ACAD-0095

Figure 4 of the paper: photographs of the CHIP-based array beside a commercial platinum array on rat cortex and of the array covering the cortex (scale bars as published), with recordings, spectrograms, a cortical-area schematic and activity maps in the remaining panels.

Tsinghua SIGS all-organic CHIP hydrogel ECoG array

128-channel ECoG array, 9 micrometers thick, made entirely of a conductive hydrogel (CHIP) printed on parylene, at 853 channels per cm2. Xu Xiaomin's group at Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School with SIAT; rabbit recordings to 550 days (PNAS 2026).

EcogPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School group and collaborators, PNAS (2026), Figure 4 · PNAS · complete Figure 4 · CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Complete source image retained byte-for-byte, including every panel and annotation. No cropping, re-encoding, recoloring or synthetic enhancement.

Thin transparent UFTE electrode fibers floating apart in water, their gold conductors faintly visible.
PhotographBTSD-ACAD-0060

The independent UFTE electrode fibers spread in distilled water. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Ultra-Flexible Tentacle Electrodes (UFTE)

Swiss secondary coverage: 256 contacts on independent polyimide fibers in four bundles. Mechanical loop tethering separates shuttle removal from glue dissolution; the separate 512-channel logger stores data on SD rather than transmitting it.

IntracorticalPreclinical evidence
Photo credit

Yasar et al., Nature Communications (2024), Fig. 2a(v), CC BY 4.0 · Publisher · original figure · CC BY 4.0. Select photo 2a(v) and retain 1 mm black scale bar.

A long gold-colored flexible µSEEG lead looping gently around a partly withdrawn steel insertion stylet, with a 1 cm scale bar.
PhotographBTSD-ACAD-0064

The long µSEEG electrode with its insertion stylet partly withdrawn, showing the thin flexible body. Scale bar: 1 cm.

µSEEG flexible stylet-guided depth electrode

UC San Diego-led 2024 thin-film depth-electrode family: 32/64/128-contact variants, removable stylet, separate PEDOT human and PtNR primate configurations, and polymer/contact failure evidence.

IntracorticalHuman evidence
Photo credit

Lee, Paulk et al., Nature Communications (2024), Fig. 1o, CC BY 4.0 · Publisher · original figure · CC BY 4.0. Select source photo panel 1o only; preserve full lead, stylet and original scale.